Advances in molecular mechanisms of bone invasion by oral cancer / 华西口腔医学杂志

Bone invasion by oral cancer is a common clinical problem, which affects the choice of treatment and predicts a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. Current studies have revealed that oral cancer cells modulate the formation and function of osteoclasts through the expression of a series of signal molecules. Many signal pathways are involved in this process, of which receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB/osteoprotegerin signaling pathway attracted much attention. In this review, we introduce recent progress in molecular mechanisms of bone invasion by oral cancer.

Progress on photodynamic therapy in oral diseases / 华西口腔医学杂志

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has developed rapidly in basic and clinical research, and its therapeutic prospects have received increasing attention. PDT has the advantages of minimally invasive, low toxicity, high selectivity, good reproducibility, protection of appearance and vital organ function, and has become a treatment. With the development of medicine, the field of application of PDT becomes more wildly, and brings a new direction for the treatment of oral diseases. This article reviews the basic principles, treatment elements and research results of PDT in the treatment of oral diseases.

Advances on mechanism and treatment of salivary gland in radiation injury / 华西口腔医学杂志

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequent tumour in head and neck malignant. The current treatment is mainly based on surgery therapy, radiation therapy and chemical therapy. Meanwhile, there are many a defect in the treatment. For example, there are many defects in radiotherapy. Radioactive salivatitis is the most common. In addition, there are a series of changes such as dry mouth, oral mucositis, rampant dental caries, and radioactive osteomyelitis of jaw, which cause swallowing, chewing problems, and taste dysfunction. Currently, the research on radioactive salivatitis is progressing rapidly, but its mechanism is more complication. This paper review aims to summarize the research progress in this field.

Multidisciplinary team model for patients with oral cancer and systemic diseases: an expert consensus / 华西口腔医学杂志

Large general hospitals currently play an increasingly important role in the diagnosis and treatment for acute critical patients and difficult diseases because of the development of dual referral system and hierarchical diagnosis, as well as the formation of medical treatment alliance. Patients with oral cancers are often associated with systemic diseases, which increases the complexity of the condition. Thus, meeting the demand through the traditional single medical model is difficult. As such, a multidisciplinary team (MDT) model has been proposed and has achieved a good clinical effect. To standardize the application of this model, we organized an event in which relevant experts discussed and formulated a consensus to provide standardized suggestions on the MDT process and the diagnosis and treatment of common systemic diseases as reference for clinical practice.

Expression of p53, p21(CIP1/WAF1) and eIF4E in the adjacent tissues of oral squamous cell carcinoma: establishing the molecular boundary and a cancer progression model / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

The present study evaluated the expression of key molecules and the status of DNA in both oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and adjacent tissues to establish a molecular surgical boundary and provide a cancer progression model. Biopsy samples from 50 OSCC patients were divided into T (cancer), P1 (0-0.5 cm), P2 (0.5-1 cm), P3 (1-1.5 cm) and P4 (1.5-2 cm) groups based on the distances from the visible boundary of the primary focus. Twenty samples of normal mucosa were used as controls. We used immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry to evaluate p53, p21(CIP1/WAF1), eIF4E and Ki-67 expression and to determine DNA status, respectively. Sub-mucosal invasion was present in the P1 and P2 groups as determined by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Mutant p53 expression decreased gradually from cancerous to normal mucosae, whereas p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression displayed an opposite trend. eIF4E expression decreased from cancerous to normal mucosae. Ki-67 expression, the heteroploidy ratio, S-phase fraction and proliferative index decreased gradually with the distance from the tumour centre. Based on these results, we suggest that the resection boundary in OSCC surgery should be beyond 2 cm from the tumour. Additionally, the adjacent tissues of the primary focus could be used as a model for assessing cancer progression.

Prognostic and proliferative evaluation of ameloblastoma based on radiographic boundary / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor with an aggressive biological behavior, and the surgical treatment frequently results in failure for the postoperative recurrence. The aim of this article was to investigate whether the proliferative ability and prognosis of ameloblastoma could be evaluated by the radiographic boundary. The ameloblastoma cases treated by the conservative therapy in our hospital between 1981 and 2001 were divided into three groups based on the nature of the radiographic borders of the lesions. The biologic behavior was evaluated by Ki-67 antibody immunohistochemically. Comparisons of prognosis and Ki-67 expression were carried out by statistic methods. There were 24 cases of well-defined edge with sclerosis (group I), 41 cases of well-defined edge without sclerosis (group II) and 32 cases of ill-defined edge (group III). The recurrent rates were 29.2% in group I, 43.9% in group II and 62.5% in group III (P<0.05). The cells in group III expressed the highest Ki-67 level (P<0.05). The radiographic boundary could be used as one of indicators in evaluating the proliferative ability of ameloblastoma and the patient's prognosis, which was consistent with Ki-67 expression.

Expression and its relationship of murine double minute 2 and P53 protein in oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression and its relationship of murine double minute 2 (MDM2), P53 protein in oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Immunohistochemical assay was used to detect the expression of MDM2 and P53 proteins in 15 normal oral epithelium tissues, 24 cases of oral leukoplakias and 41 cases of oral squamous cell carcinomas.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no positive expression of MDM2 and P53 in normal mucosa. With significantly difference compared with the normal group (P < 0.05), the positive rates of MDM2 and P53 were 58.3%, 75.6% and 37.5%, 68.3% in oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma. MDM2-positive rate had no significant difference (P > 0.05), while P53-positive rate was significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Two kinds of indicators for further correlation analysis showed that MDM2 and P53 protein showed a positive correlation relationship both in oral leukoplakia (P = 0.018) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The expression of MDM2 in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma suggests that this gene may play a significant role in the process of carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The correlation of MDM2 and P53 expression indicates that both of them may play a synergistic role in the process of carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.</p>

Near infrared Raman spectral character and diagnostic value of squamous cell carcinoma of oral mucosa / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the value of the near infrared Raman spectroscope in diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Near infrared Raman spectra of ten normal mucosa, twenty OSCC and thirty oral leukoplakia (OLK) cases were collected in the research. Based on the previous researches, the information of the subtracted spectra of compared group was gained by the characteristic band in them. A Gaussian radial basis function support vector machine was used to classify spectra and establish the diagnostic models. The efficacy and validity of the algorithm were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>By analyzing the subtracted mean spectra, the increasing peak intensity in wavenumber range of 500-2 200 cm(-1) hinted us of the high contents of DNA, protein and lipid in OSCC, which elucidate the high proliferative activity. The increasing peak intensity in the wavenumber range of 500-2 200 cm(-1) hinted us of the high contents of DNA, protein and lipid in OSCC, which elucidate the high proliferative activity, but the difference between OLK and OSCC was not as much as that between normal and OSCC. The Gaussian radial basis function support vector machine showed powerful ability in grouping and modeling of normal and OSCC, and the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy were 100%, 97.44% and 98.81% correspondingly. The algorithm showed good ability in grouping and modeling of OLK and OSCC, the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy were 95.00%, 86.36% and 96.30%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combined with support vector machines, near infrared Raman spectroscopy could detect the biochemical variations in oral normal, OLK and OSCC, and establish diagnostic model accurately.</p>

Lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphatic metastasis in head and neck cancer--a review of mechanisms / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Lymphatic metastasis is a continuous and complicated process. The detailed mechanisms of lymphatic metastasis are still not very clear, despite considerable research efforts in recent years. Previously, it was commonly accepted that there were no lymphatic vessels in the primary tumor. However, recent studies have demonstrated that lymphatic vessels are detectable in certain types of cancer, and more and more evidence has shown that cancer cells invade into local lymph nodes mainly via peritumoral lymphatic vessels. Moreover, activated endothelial cells may also be important, having an influence on lymphatic metastasis of cancer cells. This article, based on recent research findings, provides an in-depth discussion of the relationship between lymphangiogenesis, tumor-derived lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphatic metastasis in head and neck cancer.

The expression of human major histocompatibility complex-I in oral leukoplakia / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of human major histocompatibility complex-I at different degrees of dysplasia leukoplakia, and to investigate local immune status and discuss their associations with oral leukoplakia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The monoclonal antibody of MHC class I antigen was employed in this study. There were 55 oral leukoplakias, 31 primary oral squamous cell carcinomas and 28 histologically normal oral epithelia were detected for the presence of the MHC class I molecule by using immunohistochemistry method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The MHC class I antigen expression of the severe dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma was significantly lower than that of the normal epithelia (P < 0.05). But their expression did not show statistically difference between the normal epithelia and other groups of oral leukoplakia (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The expression levels of the MHC class I antigen is reduced in oral leukoplakia, particularly in severe dysplasia oral leukoplakia, it is relevant to the degree of dysplasia.</p>

An experimental study on recombinant adenovirus p53 transfected in oral dysplastic epithelial cells / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate and evaluate the appropriate virus titer and transfection efficiency of recombinant adenovirus p53 into the oral dysplastic epithelial cells (POE-9n) and provide reference for oral precancerosis research.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The transfection sensitivity of adenovirus into oral dysplastic epithelial cells was evaluated by the recombinant adenovirus p53 containing green fluorescent protein (rAd-GFP). Different titre rAd -p53 was transfected into oral dysplastic epithelial cells to evaluate the effects of rAd-p53 on cell proliferation inhibition by MIT assay. The expression of exogenous p53 gene in POE-9n cells was detected by immunocytochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>More than 95% POE-9n cells were transfected by rAd-GFP with MOI from 100 to 500 and there was no statistical difference between different MOI values (r=-0.124, P>0.05). It was found that rAd-p53 had significant inhibition effects on POE-9n cell proliferation with MOI from 100 to 500, and there were no significant differences at 96 h and 120 h after the transfection on cell proliferation inhibition (P>0.05). P53 protein was well expressed in rAd-p53 transfected POE-9n cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Exogenous p53 can be successfully transfected into POE-9n cells by rAd-p53 and the virus titer of MOI 100 was high enough to ensure efficient transfection.</p>

Biologic analysis of recombinant human adenovirus-p53 injection in patients with oral leukoplakia / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Advances in tumor biology and clinical trials indicate that p53 transfer is an alternative therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biologic activity of multiple intraepithelial injections of Ad-p53 in patients with dysplastic oral leukoplakia, which is the most common premalignant lesion of the oral squamous cell carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 2006 to 2007, 18 Chinese patients clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as dysplastic oral leukoplakia were recruited for this study. On a 15-day cycle, intraepithelial injections of Ad-p53 were administered once every three days at dose levels dependent upon lesion size/dose escalation sequence (1 x 10(8) vp). 24-48 h after the last injection, incisional biopsy were performed, and immunohistochemistry was used to examine the protein expression of P53 and P21(CIP/WAF).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the postreatment patients, P53 protein and P21(CIP/WAF) protein expression were significantly enhanced (100%, 89.9%, respectively) and statistical analysis revealed the expression of P53 protein had a positive correlation with that of P21(CIP/WAF) protein (r=0.598, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Intraepithelial injections of gendicine is biologically active in patients with dysplastic oral leukoplakia. It may be a promising treatment for oral leukoplakia.</p>

Expression and significance of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha in buccal carcinoma / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein in buccal carcinoma and its biological significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of HIF-1alpha was assayed by means of immunohistochemical technique in 60 patients. The expression of HIF-1alpha and its relationship with clinical pathological factors and tumor prognosis were investigated and analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis Test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive rate of HIF-1alpha was higher in T3-4 than T1-2, and the positive rate of HIF-1alpha was higher in patients with cervical lymphatic metastasis than patients without cervical lymphatic metastasis. Patients with HIF-1alpha over-expression had poor prognosis than patients with HIF-1alpha lower expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Over-expression of HIF-1alpha is a vital biological marker in prognosis of buccal cancer.</p>

Effect of mechanical stimulation on the expression of E-cadherin/cateninin complex in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of cyclic biaxial mechanical stimulation on adhesion of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma(SACC) extracellular matrix (ECM) and expression of E-cadherin/cateninin complex in the SACC high metastasis cell lines ACC-M, SACC low metastasis cells line ACC-2, we observed the functions of mechanical stimulation in the adhesion of SACC cell-ECM and investigate the mechanism in the adhesion of ACC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Mechanical stimulation were applied to the cells for periods of 1, 3 and 6 hours every day, lasting for 2 days. The amplitude of mechanical stimulation applied to the cells were 1000, 4000 micro strain, at a frequency of 3 Hz. Unstrained cells were used as control. The expression of E-cadherin/cateninin complex on the cell of ACC-M, ACC-2 were studied with laser scanning confocal microscope and image analysis. SACC cell-ECM adhesion was assayed by MTT technique.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed that expressions of alpha, beta, gamma-cateninin on the cell of ACC-2 were obviously higher than that ACC-M and E-cadherin on the cell of ACC-M were obviously higher than that ACC-2 without mechanical stimulation. Mechanical stimulation can change the expression of E-cadherin/cateninin complex on the cell of ACC-2 and ACC-M with time. The results also showed that cell-ECM adhesion on the cell of ACC-2 were obviously higher than that of ACC-M without mechanical stimulation. Mechanical stimulation can change the cell-ECM adhesion of ACC-2 and ACC-M with time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Mechanical stimulation can change the adhesion of the SACC cell-ECM and expression of E-cadherin/cateninin complex of the SACC cell. We think it played an important role in metastasis of the cancer.</p>

Surgical treatment of dislocation sagittal fracture of the mandibular condyle / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize the surgical treatment effects of dislocation sagittal fracture of the mandibular condyle (DSFMC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-two cases of DSFMC were classified according to the fracture location and treated with surgery. The clinical and radiographic outcomes were contrasted before and after treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) There were 18%, 57% and 25% cases of type I, type II and type III DSFMC respectively. (2) For type I DSFMC, dislocation part of condyle was removed. For type II DSFMC, nine dislocation parts of condyles were free grafting and rigid fixation, and five dislocation parts of condyles were removed. The whole condyle was resected because of ankylosis of TMJ in two cases. For type III DSFMC, dislocation part was free grafting and rigid fixation in five condyles. The whole condyle was removed in two cases due to comminuted DSFMC. (3)Postoperative mouth opening and mouth opening deviation were 33.9 mm and 1.5 mm respectively 6 months after the surgical treatment. There were significant improvement on mouth opening and mouth opening deviation than those before the surgical treatment (P < 0.05). Normal occluding relation was resumed in 17 cases. With occlusal adjustment, occluding relation was resumed also for those 5 cases that showed 1-2 mm open bite. (4) There was no postoperative evidence of condylar resorption and plate distortion.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Surgical treatment is an effective way for DSFMC. Mouth opening and mouth opening deviation can be improved significantly after surgical treatment. After surgical treatment, DSFMC can resume normal occlusal relation also. There is no significant condylar resorption after free grafting.</p>

Analyses of differential expression of Homeobox genes between lingual squamaous cell carcinoma and normal mucosa / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the differently expressed Homeobox genes between lingual squmaous cell carcinoma and normal mucosa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seven paired specimens including lingual squmaous cell carcinoma and its surrounding normal tissue were obtained from 7 patients. Customized Oligo microarray which contains numerous probes of 232 human Homeobox genes was used to analyse the results. All datas were scanned by Agilent scanner and differentiately expressed genes were sorted out.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Homeobox gene NANOG was found up-regulated in 5 samples. PHTF2 was found down-regulated in 7 samples, and CRX, PITX1, OTEX was found down-regulated in 5 samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>As the key gene to cellular proliferation and differentiation, Homeobox genes is closely releverant to the oncogenesis of lingual squmaous cell carcinoma.</p>

Effect on induction of differentiation of Tca8113 cells affected by abscisic acid in vitro / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To approach the effects on induction of differentiation of Tca8113 cells affected by abscisic acid.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The changes of surface differentiation markers, cell configuration, restrain of cell growth and the expression of Caspase-3 mRNA were examined by using inverted-phase contrast microscope, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization in vitro. The dependablity between the surface differentiation markers and Caspase-3 mRNA was analysed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The restraint of cell growth in ABA groups was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was a trend that the tumor cell had transformed the normal cell. Furthermore, the time-dosage dependent relationship existed in the inhibition rate of tumor cells. The results showed that the expressions of Involucrin protein, retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) and Caspase-3 mRNA in experimental group had been higher than that of control group. There was a significance between the different concentration experimental groups at 24 h (P<0.05). Moreover, the positive correlation existed among the Involucrin, RARbeta and Caspase-3 mRNA at the time of 12 hour and 24 hour (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The possible mechanism is that abscisic acid acted on the tumor cell and raised the level of RARbeta gene through combining the correlative receptors so that increased the expression of Involucrin protein and promoted the activity of Caspase-3 and resulted in apoptosis of tumor cell.</p>

Proteomics study of the serum biomarkers in tongue cancer / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To search for specific serum biomarkers associated with tongue cancer by means of the serum proteomics technology.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The tongue cancer cells of human tongue cancer cell line Tca8113 were subcutaneously inoculated into nude mice, while control nude mice were injected with phosphate-buffered saline. Serums from these two group of mice were collected for proteomic analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Comparing the serum 2-DE maps from the tumor-bearing mice with those produced from control mice, we found that squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 was over expressed only in the serum of tumor-bearing mice.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 may be of great potential as the biomarker of tongue cancer and as the potential therapeutic target for gene therapy.</p>

Reconstruction of maxillary defects combination with pedicled buccal fat pad graft, temporalis myofascial flap and titanium mesh / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the feasibility of close and three-dimensional reconstruction of maxillary defects combination with pedicled buccal fat pad graft, temporalis myofascial flap and titanium mesh.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Among 11 patients with maxillary tumors, 9 were malignant and 2 were benign. 8 cases underwent subtotal maxillectomy and 3 cases underwent total maxillectomy. Maxillary defects were closely reconstructed combination with pedicled buccal fat pad graft (BFP), temporalis myofascial flap (TMF) and titanium mesh to restore the profile of maxilla.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All flaps were alive with satisfactory function and aesthetic appearance. The uncovered BFP and the facial muscle surface of TMF epithelialized within 4-6 weeks. Their degree of mouth opening ranged from 2.5 to 4.0 cm and without nasal foods return. All patients had a good voice quality.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Making use of BFP, TMF and titanium mesh can restore the good contour and function of maxillary. It is an effective method of reconstruction of maxillary defects, and is easy to manipulate. It is worthy to popularization.</p>

Expression and significance of cyclin D1 in human adenoid cystic carcinoma / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the expression of cyclin D1 in human adnoid cystic carcinoma and its correlation with clinical characters.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of cycline D1 was evaluated with immunohistochemical method in forty-one cases of human adnoid cystic carcinoma, 15 cases of PA and 12 cases of normal salivary gland tissue.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of cyclin D1 in normal tissue was negative, significantly different from PA and ACC (P < 0.05). The expression level of PA was significantly lower than ACC (P < 0.05). High expression of cyclin D1 was correlated with clinical stage and histological classification (P < 0.05), but not with sex, age, tumor site, recurrence, metastasis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High expression of cyclin D1 promotes the formation and development of ACC.</p>